IEC
IEC 61000-3-2: Limits - Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions (equipment input current up to and...
Standard Overview
IEC 61000-3-2 deals with the limitation of harmonic currents injected into the public supply system. IEC 61000-3-2 specifies limits of harmonic components of the input current which can be produced by equipment tested under specified conditions. This standard applies to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current up to and including 16 A per phase, and intended to be connected to public low‑voltage distribution systems.
Note: Advanced Test Equipment Rentals can perform ISO17025 accredited calibration on products that abide by this standard.
Arc welding equipment which is not professional equipment, with a rated input current up to and including 16 A per phase, is included in IEC 61000-3-2. Arc welding equipment intended for professional use, as specified in IEC 60974-1, is excluded from this document and can be subject to installation restrictions as indicated in IEC 61000-3-12.
The tests according to this document are type tests. For systems with nominal voltages less than but not equal to 220 V (line-to-neutral), the limits have not yet been considered.
This fifth edition, IEC 61000-3-2:2018, cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes from the previous edition:
a) an update of the emission limits for lighting equipment with a rated power ≤ 25 W to take into account new types of lighting equipment;
b) the addition of a threshold of 5 W under which no emission limits apply to all lighting equipment;
c) the modification of the requirements applying to the dimmers when operating non‑incandescent lamps;
d) the addition of test conditions for digital load side transmission control devices;
e) the removal of the use of reference lamps and reference ballasts for the tests of lighting equipment;
f) the simplification and clarification of the terminology used for lighting equipment;
g) the classification of professional luminaires for stage lighting and studios under Class A;
h) a clarification about the classification of emergency lighting equipment;
i) a clarification for lighting equipment including one control module with an active input power ≤ 2 W;
j) an update of the test conditions for television receivers;
k) an update of the test conditions for induction hobs, taking also into account the other types of cooking appliances;
l) for consistency with IEC 61000-3-12, a change of the scope of IEC 61000-3-2 from equipment with an input current ≤ 16 A to equipment with a rated input current ≤ 16 A.
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Note: Advanced Test Equipment Rentals can perform ISO17025 accredited calibration on products that abide by this standard.
Arc welding equipment which is not professional equipment, with a rated input current up to and including 16 A per phase, is included in IEC 61000-3-2. Arc welding equipment intended for professional use, as specified in IEC 60974-1, is excluded from this document and can be subject to installation restrictions as indicated in IEC 61000-3-12.
The tests according to this document are type tests. For systems with nominal voltages less than but not equal to 220 V (line-to-neutral), the limits have not yet been considered.
This fifth edition, IEC 61000-3-2:2018, cancels and replaces the fourth edition published in 2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes from the previous edition:
a) an update of the emission limits for lighting equipment with a rated power ≤ 25 W to take into account new types of lighting equipment;
b) the addition of a threshold of 5 W under which no emission limits apply to all lighting equipment;
c) the modification of the requirements applying to the dimmers when operating non‑incandescent lamps;
d) the addition of test conditions for digital load side transmission control devices;
e) the removal of the use of reference lamps and reference ballasts for the tests of lighting equipment;
f) the simplification and clarification of the terminology used for lighting equipment;
g) the classification of professional luminaires for stage lighting and studios under Class A;
h) a clarification about the classification of emergency lighting equipment;
i) a clarification for lighting equipment including one control module with an active input power ≤ 2 W;
j) an update of the test conditions for television receivers;
k) an update of the test conditions for induction hobs, taking also into account the other types of cooking appliances;
l) for consistency with IEC 61000-3-12, a change of the scope of IEC 61000-3-2 from equipment with an input current ≤ 16 A to equipment with a rated input current ≤ 16 A.
Mains Harmonics Test Setup
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Products Used in Testing
Teseq 2145 45kVA 3-Phase Flicker and Harmonics Measuring System
- AC fast switching unit for standards specified in the IEC 61000-4-11
- Unit has two inputs, AC source and AC Mains
- Allows for single or three phase mode testing
Pacific Power 320AMX Linear AC Power Source, 2 kVA
- Advanced Linear Amplifiers Provide Very Low Voltage Distortion, no Switching Noise, Fast Voltage and Current Slew Rates, Exceptionally Low Output Impedance and High Peak Current Capability
- 1, 2, or 3 Phase Output Form selectable from front panel or bus command
- 20 to 5,000 Hz. Full Power Bandwidth Operation – 5Hz to 50KHz small signal bandwidth, 3dB at 10% of full voltage
Pacific Power 360AMX AC Power Supply
- Rated Power (VA): 6000
- Output Form:3
- Output Volts - Max (VRMS): 135/270, 135(L-N)
California Instruments 5001iX AC Power Source
- Combination AC and DC Power Source and Power Analyzer
- 3000 VA - 15000 VA of Output Power
- Arbitrary Waveform Generation
EM Test DPA 503N Power Analyzer per IEC 61000-3-3, IEC 61000-3-11 and IEC 60725
- Real-time data acquisition
- Internal hard disk for data storage
- 16-Bit A/D converter
Newtons4th PPA5531 Flicker and Harmonics Analyzer
- Fully Compliant Harmonics and Flicker Test Solutions
- Leading wideband accuracy Basic 0.01% with class leading high frequency performance
- ISO17025 accredited ISO17025 IEC61000 certification available
Yokogawa WT3000 Precision Power Analyzer
- Basic accuracy: 0.01% of reading
- Basic power accuracy: 0.02% of reading
- 30A current input element
Advanced Analyzers HFA-3-36-REF Harmonics and Flicker Analyzer | 3 ph, 36 A
- Up to Harmonic 40
- Can be optionally selected to show 2 - 9 kHz
- 0 - 350 V-rms ±500 Volt peak std
Pacific Power 3150AFX AC & DC Programmable Power Source
- AC output, DC output, AC+DC output
- DC, 15 to 1,200 Hz frequency range
- Single, constant power mode 300V L-N/520V L-L/425Vdc voltage range offers wider operating range
Yokogawa WT5000 Precision Power Analyzer
- Unmatched basic power accuracy of ±0.03%
- 10 MS/s, 1MHz power bandwidth, 18 bit resolution enabled by Yokogawa isoPRO™ fiber optic isolation technology
- Precision current measurement guaranteed by innovative symmetric coaxial shunt design
Related IEC Standards
Explore All StandardsIEC 62233: Electromagnetic Fields of Household Appliances and Similar Apparatus with Regard to Human
IEC 62233 describes measurement methods for determining electric field strength and magnetic flux density for household and other electrical appliances. The standard covers electromagnetic fields from 0 to 300 GHz. Along with test methods, IEC 62233 describes ideal testing conditions as well as recommended measuring distances and positioning. Methods specified in this standard are valid over a frequency range of 10 Hz to 400 kHz; frequencies below 10 Hz and above 400 kHz are regarded as complaint without testing, unless called out in IEC 60335.
IEC 62233:2005 is the latest version of the standard.
Applies To:
Household Electrical Appliances
Electric Tools
Electric Toys
Does Not Apply To:
Heavy Industrial Apparatus
Vehicle-Specific Apparatus
Cables, Fuses, Switches, Circuit Breakers
Medical Appliances
Personal Computers
TV, Radio, Audio, Video Equipment
Electronic Musical Instruments
Radio Transmitters
Differences Between IEC and EN Versions
EN 62233 is the European standard for household appliances and is nearly identical to IEC 62233. The few differences between the two standards can be found in the exposure limit values listed in Annex B of both standards. EN 62233 limit values are identical to ICNIRP limit values, whereas its IEC counterpart offers both IEEE and ICNIRP values.
Choosing a Test Method
When testing to IEC 62233, choosing the correct test method is essential to ensure your setup is right for the appliance being tested. Your device may require a time domain evaluation, a line spectrum evaluation or alternative test methods depending on its specifications. The following diagram will help you to choose how you test:
Time Domain Evaluation
Regardless of the signal type, testers can perform time domain measurements of the value of the magnetic flux density. A transfer function "a" can be implemented to take into account the dependency on the frequency
IEC 60050-444 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Part 444: Elementary Relays
In the past, IEC 60050-446 (Part 446 of the IEV) listed the terminology for all types of electrical relays. In order to improve the precision of terms and definitions as well as the general visibility of relay terminology, it had been decided to split that part of the IEV into three separate parts optimised for the specific relay types covered.
Therefore, this part of IEC 60050 gives terms and definitions for elementary relays (nonspecified time all-or-nothing relays) superseding the terminology of IEC 60050-446 for such relays. The terminology for time relays is contained in IEC 60050-445 established in parallel with this part. A new part for measuring relays and protection equipment (IEC 60050-447) is also under preparation. When all these three parts are published, IEC 60050-446 shall be withdrawn from the IEV.
IEC 60050-444 Specifications:
The first edition of IEC 60050-444 was published in 1973. It includes physical and electrical specifications for a PI that approximates the purely resistive equivalent circuit of Figure 1 (the capacitance Cp is ignored). The construction technique described uses disk and rod type resistors. Two trimmers per Figure 2 are recommended for adjusting the phase response that is introduced by the network (which is largest when the network is short circuited) to be flat within +/-0.5 degrees over a frequency range of 1 to 125MHz. The PI is used to measure Zero-Phase frequency and resistance of crystals.
The second edition of IEC 60050-444 was split into several parts, each referring to different aspects of crystal measurement. Only Part 1 addresses the electrical specifications of the PI, while the remaining parts cover application and adaptation of the PI to various crystal measurements (see Reference 1). Part 1 of the second edition was published in 1980. One major difference compared to the original specifications is an extended frequency range to 200 MHz. The rod and disk construction and the
IEC 60255: Electrical Relays
IEC 60255 specifies common requirements and rules applicable to measuring relays and protection equipment. This includes any combination of devices to form schemes for power system protection such as control, monitoring and process interface equipment in order to obtain uniformity of requirements and tests.
The IEC 60255 specifies measuring relays and protection equipment used for protection within the power system environment covered by this standard. Other standards in this series may define their own requirements which in such cases shall take precedence. For special applications (marine, aerospace, explosive atmospheres, computers, etc.), the general requirements within this standard may need to be enhanced by additional special requirements. The requirements are applicable only to relays in new condition. All tests in this standard are considered type tests, unless otherwise declared.
The object of IEC 60255 is to specify limits and test methods, for measuring relays and protection equipment, taking into account cominbations of devices to form schemes for power system protection including the control, monitoring, communication, and process interface equipment within those systems.
This standard specifies the requirements for electromagnetic compatibility for measuring relays and protection equiment. The requirements are applicable to measuring relays and protection equipment in a new condition and all tests specified are type tests only.
This IRC 60255 standard is retrieved from IEC 10-31-2013.
IEC 60270: Partial Discharge Measurements
IEC 60270 – partial discharge measurements (previously high voltage test techniques) – is applicable to the measurement of partial discharge which occurs in electrical apparatus, systems, and components when tested with DC voltage or AC voltage up to 400 Hz.
Related Standards:
IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60060-2, High-voltage test techniques – Part 2: Measuring Systems
CISPR 16-1:1993, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Part 1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
Introduction to Partial Discharge Testing
Partial discharge is a major factor in insulation failure and the failure of electrical equipment like power transformers, HV cables, switchgear, motors and generators. PD measurement allowsoperators to perform effective and reliable insulation testing of these high voltage devices in applications like factory acceptance testing, on-site commissioning and routine electrical maintenance. PD analysis techniques must adhere to IEC 60270, the international standard for the measurement of electrical discharges in insulation.
Partial discharge testing, or PD testing, detects the presence of partial discharges in high voltage equipment. A partial discharge (PD) is a small spark within electrical insulation caused by insulation breakdown. PDs occur when an electrical insulation system experiences HV stress; a dielectric breakdown of a small portion of the insulation generates electrical discharges, which bridge the gap between two conducting electrodes. These dielectric breakdowns manifest across the surface of insulation material, in pockets found in solid insulation, within gas bubbles in liquid forms of insulation and proximal to electrodes in gases. As aging HV equipment continues to operate at high levels all around us, PD testing is more critical than ever to diagnose insulation
IEC 60533: EMC Testing of Ships with Metallic Hulls
IEC 60533 is an international test standard dedicated to the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing of ships with metallic hulls. IEC 60533 defines the minimum testing requirements for the components and devices integrated into ships with metallic hulls in both immunity and emissions testing. Following IEC 60533 protects equipment on board from electromagnetic interference caused by rogue emissions and the risk of unforeseen interference by lightning strikes, circuit breaker transients and radio transmitter radiation. This standard also helps with meeting IMO resolution A.813 requirements. The following equipment groups fall under the jurisdiction of IEC 60533:
Group A | Radio communication and navigation equipment
Group B | Power generation and conversion equipment
Group C | Equipment operating with pulsed power
Group D | Switchgear and control systems
Group E | Intercommunication and signal processing equipment
Group F | Non-electrical items and equipment
Group G | Integrated systems
Note: For groups A and C, IEC 60945 is the basic EMC standard. IEC 60945 details the EMC requirements for bridge-mounted equipment, equipment proximal to receiving antennas and equipment with the potential to interfere with ship navigation and radio communication. The scope of IEC 60533 does not extend to the safety requirements like the protection of humans against electric shock, exposure to electromagnetic field or dielectric strength tests on equipment.
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IEC 60601-1-2: Medical Electrical Equipment - Collateral standard: Electromagnetic compatibility...
IEC 60601-1-2 is a collateral standard that applies to electromagnetic compatibility of medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems. The object of this collateral standard is to specify general requirements and tests for electromagnetic compatibility of medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems. They are in addition to the requirements of the general standard and serve as the basis for particular standards.
This edition of IEC 60601-1-2 was revised to structurally align it with the 2005 edition of IEC 60601-1 and to implement the decision of IEC subcommittee 62A that the clause numbering structure of collateral standards written to IEC 60601-1:2005 would adhere to the form specified in ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2:2004. The principle technical changes are in Clause 4, which now recognizes that there is a general requirement for a risk management process in IEC 60601-1:2005.
The object of this collateral standard is to specify general requirements and tests for electromagnetic compatibility of medical electrical equipment and systems. They are in addition to the requirements of the general standard and serve as the basis for particular standards. This standard complements IEC 60601-1 and applies to all medical devices.
IEC 60601-1-2 is useful for the protection of safety services, other medical electrical equipment and systems, non-medical electrical equipment (e.g. computers), and telecommunications (radio/TV, telephone, radio-navigation).
Emissions Testing
Modes that maximize emissions
Consider active and standby modes
Immunity Testing
Standby mode should be considered
Devices not rated for continuous use and use a duty cycle
Product Configuration for Testing
All cables, tubing, and fluid containers necessary for the intended use must be attached and full, including system grounds when present
Artificial hand circuit (220 pF + 510
IEC 61000-3-11: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker...
IEC 61000-3-11 is concerned with the emission of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker produced by equipment and impressed on the public low-voltage supply system.
IEC 61000-3-11 specifies the limits of voltage changes produced by equipment tested under specified conditions.
IEC 61000-3-11 is primarily applicable to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current from 16 A up to and including 75 A, which is intended to be connected to public low-voltage distribution systems having nominal system voltages of between 220 V and 250 V, line-to-neutral at 50 Hz, and which is subject to conditional connection.
This part of IEC 61000 is also applicable to equipment within the scope of IEC 61000-3-3 that does not meet the limits when tested or evaluated with reference impedance Zref and is therefore subject to conditional connection. Equipment that meets the requirements of IEC 61000-3-3, is excluded from this part of IEC 61000.
Equipment tests made in accordance with IEC 61000-3-11 are type tests.
Advanced Test Equipment Rentals can perform ISO17025 accredited calibration on products that abide by this standard.
NOTE: The flicker limits specified in this part, the same as those in IEC 61000-3-3, are based on the subjective severity of the flicker imposed on the light from 230 V/60 W coiled-coil filament lamps when subjected to fluctuations of the supply voltage. For systems with nominal voltages less than 220 V, line-to-neutral and/or frequency of 60 Hz, the limits and reference circuit values are under consideration.
IEC 61000-3-12: Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public...
IEC 61000-3-12 deals with the limitation of harmonic currents injected into the public supply system. The limits given in this International Standard are applicable to electrical and electronic equipment with a rated input current exceeding 16 A and up to and including 75 A per phase, intended to be connected to public low-voltage a.c. distribution systems of the following types:
Nominal voltage up to 240 V, single-phase, two or three wires;
Nominal voltage up to 690 V, three-phase, three or four wires;
Nominal frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Other distribution systems are excluded. The limits given in IEC 61000-3-12 apply to equipment when connected to 230/400 V, 50 Hz systems. IEC 61000-3-12 applies to equipment intended to be connected to low-voltage systems interfacing with the public supply at the low-voltage level. It does not apply to equipment intended to be connected only to private low-voltage systems interfacing with the public supply only at the medium- or high-voltage level.
IEC 61000-3-12 defines:
a) Requirements and emission limits for equipment;
b) Methods for type tests and simulations.
Tests according to this International Standard are type tests of complete pieces of equipment. Conformity with this standard can also be determined by validated simulations. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2004 and constitutes a technical revision. The significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition are:
The replacement of the reference fundamental current I1 by the reference current Iref for the calculation of emission limits;
A newly added table of current emission limits;
A newly added annex (Annex A) to define test conditions for some types of equipment;
Deletion of the former Annexes B (Approximate interpolation formulas) and D (Information on the PWHD factor).
Retrieved 3/12/14 from IEC Webstore
Note: Advanced Test Equipment Rentals can perform ISO17025 accredited
IEC 61000-3-13: Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Limits - Assessment of emission limits for...
IEC 61000-3-13 provides guidance on principles which can be used as the basis for determining the requirements for the connection of unbalanced installations (i.e. three-phase installations causing voltage unbalance) to MV, HV and EHV public power systems (LV installations are covered in other IEC documents). For the purposes of this report, an unbalanced installation means a three-phase installation (which may be a load or a generator) that produces voltage unbalance on the system. The connection of single-phase installations is not specifically addressed, as the connection of such installations is under the control of the system operator or owner.
The general principles however may be adapted when considering the connection of single-phase installations. The primary objective is to provide guidance to system operators or owners on engineering practices, which will facilitate the provision of adequate service quality for all connected customers. In addressing installations, this document is not intended to replace equipment standards for emission limits. The report addresses the allocation of the capacity of the system to absorb disturbances. It does not address how to mitigate disturbances, nor does it address how the capacity of the system can be increased.
Since the guidelines outlined in this report are necessarily based on certain simplifying assumptions, there is no guarantee that this approach will always provide the optimum solution for all unbalanced load situations. The recommended approach should be used with flexibility and judgment as far as engineering is concerned, when applying the given assessment procedures in full or in part. The system operator or owner is responsible for specifying requirements for the connection of installations which may cause unbalance on the system. The disturbing installation is to be understood as the complete customer's installation (i.e. including balanced and unbalanced parts).
Problems related to
IEC 61000-3-3: Limits - Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public...
IEC 61000-3-3 provides test guidelines for flicker. In the words of the IEC: "This section of IEC 61000-3 is concerned with the limitation of voltage fluctuations and flicker impressed on the public low-voltage system. It specifies limits of voltage changes that may be produced by equipment tested under specified conditions and gives guidance on methods of assessment. This section applies to electrical and electronic equipment having an input current up to and including 16 A per phase and intended to be connected to public low-voltage distribution systems of between 220 V and 250 V at a 50-Hz line to neutral."
Although IEC 61000-3-3 is somewhat less controversial than IEC 61000-3-2, the limits are unnecessarily stringent for commercial and industrial environments. IEC 61000-3-11 provides some relief by assessing lower Zref values. Also, many people believe that inrush requirements and test methods are unstable and unjustified.
There are some interesting—and even confusing—statements in IEC 61000-3-3. For example, Section 5 states, "If voltage changes are caused by manual switching or occur less frequently than once per hour, the observation-period Pst and Plt requirements shall not be applicable. The long-term observation period, Plt, is flicker severity evaluated over a long period (a few hours) using successive short-term observation-period, Pst, values. Pst is flicker severity evaluated over a short term (in minutes). The three requirements related to voltage changes shall be applicable with the previously mentioned voltage values, multiplied by a factor of 1.33."
Further, the specification requires the user to make subjective decisions because of imprecise wording such as that found in Sections 6.1 and 6.5. In any case, this document must be used until a replacement is finished and becomes the standard.
Note: Advanced Test Equipment Rentals can perform ISO17025 accredited calibration on products that abide by this
IEC 61000-4-10: Testing and Measurement Techniques Damped Oscillatory Magnetic Field Immunity Test
IEC 61000-4-10 relates to the immunity requirements of equipment, only under operational conditions, to damped oscillatory magnetic disturbances related to medium voltage and high voltage substations. This standard is intended to demonstrate the immunity of equipment when subjected to a damped oscillatory magnetic field related to the specific location and installation condition of the equipment (e.g. proximity of equipment to the disturbance source). The scope of IEC 61000-4-10 establishes a common and reproducible basis for evaluating the performance of electrical and electronic equipment for medium voltage and high voltage substations when subjected to damped oscillatory magnetic fields.
IEC 61000-4-10 defines:
Recommended test levels
Test equipment
Test set-up
Test procedure
The damped oscillatory magnetic field is generated by the switching of high voltage bus-bars by isolators. The test is performed by applying a damped oscillatory magnetic field (sinusoid waves) of defined strength to the equipment to be tested.
Waveform Specification
Low Frequency
High Frequency
Oscillation frequency
0.1 MHz
1 MHz
Decay rate
50% of the peak value after 3/6 cycles
50% of the peak value after 3/6 cycles
Repetition rate
≥40 Hz
≥400 Hz
Test duration
2 s
2 s
Test Level
Damped Oscillatory Magnetic Field strength A/m (peak)
1
Not defined
2
Not defined
3
10
4
30
5
100
x
special
Advanced Test
IEC 61000-4-11: Testing and Measurement Techniques - Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions and...
IEC 61000-4-11 defines the immunity test methods and range of preferred test levels for electrical and electronic equipment connected to low-voltage power supply networks for voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations.
This standard applies to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current not exceeding 16 A per phase, for connection to 50 Hz or 60 Hz AC networks.
IEC 61000-4-11 does not apply to electrical and electronic equipment for connection to 400 Hz A.C. networks. Tests for these networks will be covered by future IEC standards.
The object of IEC 61000-4-11 is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations.
Recommended Bundle
For PQF Dips and Interrupts Tests:
Haefely AXOS 5
Transient Generator
+
Haefely DIP 116
Automatic Dip Transformer
=
IEC 61000-4-11
Dips & Interrupts up to 5kV
Learn More
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1994 and its amendment 1 (2000). This second edition constitutes a technical revision in which:
Preferred test values and durations have been added for the different environment classes;
The tests for the three-phase systems have been specified.
It has the status of a Basic EMC Publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
Dips and Interrupts Background
Dips and interrupts can occur on the AC power mains as a result of a fault in the distribution system such as an open circuit breaker or a sudden large load being turned on in the immediate vicinity. A power distribution system fault can cause a switch in the distribution grid to open and close several times, resulting in multiple interrupts to electrical and electronic equipment.
Electronic products are
IEC 61000-4-12: Testing and measurement techniques - Ring wave immunity test
IEC 61000-4-12 relates to the immunity requirements and test methods for electrical and electronic equipment, under operational conditions, to non-repetitive damped oscillatory transients (ring waves) occurring in low-voltage power, control and signal lines supplied by public and non-public networks. The object of this basic standard is to establish the immunity requirements and a common reference for evaluating in a laboratory the performance of electrical and electronic equipment intended for residential, commercial and industrial applications, as well as of equipment intended for power stations and substations, as applicable.
The purpose of IEC 61000-4-12 is to define: - test voltage and current waveforms;
- Ranges of test levels
- Test equipment
- Test set-up
- Test procedure
IEC 61000-4-12 specifies tests to simulate two phenomena: The ring wave (non-repetitive) appears at the terminals of equipment as a consequence of switching in power and control lines, as well as a consequence of lightning. The ring wave test applies to equipment connected to AC mains in certain countries (e.g. the mains network in the USA). This test has existed for a long time under the designation ANSI/IEEE C.62.41-1991. The damped oscillatory wave (repetitive) appears at the terminals of equipment as a consequence of switching with restriking of the arc. The damped oscillatory wave test applies to equipment used in high voltage substations (static relays). This test, but with a frequency of 1 MHz only, has existed for a long time under IEC 255-4, Appendix E5: High-frequency disturbance test, also known as ANSI/IEEE C.37.90a-1989, and has been transferred to IEC 60255-22- 1: Electrical disturbance tests for measuring relays and protection equipment – 1 MHz burst disturbance tests. By inclusion in IEC 61000-4-12, the frequency range was extended. Coupling is performed via a coupling/decoupling network with coupling capacitors of 0.5, 3 or 10 µF, depending on
IEC 61000-4-13: Testing and measurement techniques - Harmonics and interharmonics including mains...
IEC 61000-4-13 defines the immunity test methods and range of recommended basic test levels for electrical and electronic equipment with rated current up to 16 A per phase at disturbance frequencies up to and including 2 kHz (for 50 Hz mains) and 2,4 kHz (for 60 Hz mains) for harmonics and interharmonics on low voltage power networks. Establishes a common reference for evaluating the functional immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to harmonics and inter-harmonics and mains signaling frequencies. The test method documented in IEC 61000-4-13 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon.
The basic immunity test for harmonic and interharmonic distortion of 50Hz or 60Hz mains supplies is IEC 61000-4-13, which has been adopted unchanged as the harmonized European standard EN 61000-4-13.
The ideal mains voltage is a pure sine wave at the fundamental frequency (usually either 16.67, 50, 60 or 400 Hz), but non-linear leads and injection of signaling voltages cause the waveform to be distorted. The techniques of Fourier analysis are used to describe the distortion in terms of one or more frequencies superimposed on the pure sine wave fundamental. These added frequencies are classified as harmonic -when they are an integer multiple of the fundamental, and as interharmonic - when they are any other frequency.
What are harmonics and interharmonics?
Harmonics are split into two main types: odd-numbered (3, 5, 7, 9, ...39, etc) and even-numbered (2, 4, 6, 8, ...40, etc), because they can cause different problems and as a result may need to be treated differently. Odd-numbered harmonics are often called odd-order harmonics, and the same for even-numbered harmonics. They are further divided into those that are a multiple of 3 times the fundamental because, in three-phase power systems, triplens can be canceled out whereas other odd-order harmonics cannot be.
When
IEC 61000-4-14: Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage fluctuation immunity test
IEC 61000-4-14 applies to electrical and/or electronic equipment that have a rated input current up to 16 A per phase. Aims to establish a reference for evaluating the immunity of electric and/or electronic equipment when subjected to positive and negative low amplitude voltage fluctuations. Only conducted phenomena are considered, including immunity tests for equipment connected to public and industrial power supply networks.
Retrieved from IEC Webstore on 1/3/2014
IEC 61000-4-15: Testing and Measurement Techniques - Flickermeter. Functional and Design...
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques Section 15: Flickermeter functional and design specifications.
This section of IEC 61000-4 gives a functional and design specification for flicker measuring apparatus intended to indicate the correct flicker perception level for all practical voltage fluctuation waveforms. Information is presented to enable such an instrument to be constructed. A method is given for the evaluation of flicker severity on the basis of the output of flickermeters complying with this standard.
This section is based partly on work by the "Disturbances" Working Group of the International Union for Electroheat (UIE), partly on work of the IEEE, and partly on work within IEC itself. The flickermeter specifications in this section relate only to measurements of 230 V, 50 Hz inputs and 120 V, 60 Hz inputs; specifications for other voltages and other frequencies are under consideration.
Flicker testing evaluates the importance of fluctuating light levels by mimicking human perception. Standard IEC 61000-4-15 summarizes the research that supports the IEC 61000-3-3 flicker standard and establishes a measurement method. A flicker meter:
- Records voltage fluctuations.
- Converts voltage changes to an estimate of light variation from an incandescent bulb.
- Weights this estimate according to frequency to account for human perception.
- Determines an instantaneous flicker perceptibility reading (Pinst).
- Derives a short-term flicker indication (Pst) over a 10-min period.
- Derives a long-term flicker indication (Plt) over a 2-h period.
As a guide, the threshold of flicker perception at about 8 Hz for half the population is only 0.3% relative modulation. This means that accurate, high-resolution voltage measurement is a prerequisite to good flicker measurements. The range of threshold levels across a wide frequency up to about 15 Hz is collectively described by Pst = 1 or the threshold of
IEC 61000-4-16: Testing and Measurement Techniques – Test for Immunity to Conducted, Common Mode...
IEC 61000-4-16 relates to the immunity requirements and test methods for electrical and electronic equipment to conducted, common mode disturbances in the range d.c. to 150 kHz. The scope of IEC 61000-4-16 is to establish a common and reproducible basis for testing electrical and electronic equipment with the application of common mode disturbances to the power supply, control, signal and communication ports.
IEC 61000-4-16 defines:
Test voltage and current waveform
Range of test levels
Test equipment
Test set-up
Test procedures
For some types of ports, such as ports intended to be used with highly balanced lines, additional test provisions may be established by product committee specifications.
IEC 61000-4-16 is intended to demonstrate the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to conducted, common mode disturbances such as those originating from power line currents and return leakage currents in the earthing/grounding system.
The disturbances produced by 400 Hz mains systems are not included in the scope of this standard. Actual interference due to these disturbance phenomena is relatively rare, except in industrial plants. Product committees should consider whether there is a justification for applying this standard in their product/product family standards (see also Clause 4). This test is not relevant for equipment ports intended to be connected to short cables, having a length of less than 20 m or less.
Advanced Test Equipment Rentals provides a variety of equipment for performing immunity tests and other EMC tests. Check out all of the EMC test equipment we carry for rent or read more about EMC testing.
IEC 61000-4-17: Testing and measurement techniques - Ripple on d.c. input power port immunity test
IEC 61000-4-17 applies to low-voltage d.c. power ports of equipment supplied by external rectifier systems, or batteries that are being charged. The object of this standard is to establish a common and reproducible basis for testing, in a laboratory, electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to ripple voltages such as those generated by rectifier systems and/or auxiliary service battery chargers overlaying on d.c. power supply sources.
IEC 61000-4-17 defines
test voltage waveform
range of test levels
test generator
test set-up
test procedure.
The test described by IEC 61000-4-17 hereafter applies to electrical or electronic equipment and systems. It also applies to modules or subsystems whenever the equipment under test (EUT) rated power is greater than the test generator capacity specified in clause 6. This test does not apply to equipment connected to battery charger systems incorporating switch-mode converters.
The preferred range of test levels, applicable to the d.c. power supply port of the equipment, are given in table 1.
Level
Percentage of the nominal d.c. voltage
1
2
2
5
3
10
4
15
X (open level)
x
The test levels are a peak-to-peak voltage expressed as a percentage of the nominal d.c. voltage Ud.c.
The amplitude of the ripple voltage is represented in figure 1 by the difference Umax – Umin.
The frequency of the ripple is the power frequency or its multiple 2, 3 or 6, as specified by a product committee or according to the EUT manufacturer’s specifications or according to the characteristics of the rectifier system (see also clause
IEC 61000-4-18: Testing and measurement techniques – Damped oscillatory wave immunity test
IEC 61000-4-18 relates to the immunity requirements and test methods for electrical and electronic equipment, under operational conditions, concerning:
a) repetitive damped oscillatory waves occurring mainly in power, control and signal cables installed in high voltage and medium voltage (HV/MV) substations
b) repetitive damped oscillatory waves occurring mainly in power, control and signal cables installed in gas-insulated substations (GIS) and in some cases also air-insulated substations (AIS) or in any installation due to HEMP phenomena
The object of IEC 61000-4-18 is to establish the immunity requirements and a common reference for evaluating in a laboratory the performance of electrical and electronic equipment intended for residential, commercial and industrial applications, as well as of equipment intended for power stations and substations, as applicable. The purpose of this standard is to define:
– Test voltage and current waveforms
– Ranges of test levels
– Test equipment
– Test setup
– Test procedure
The object of IEC 61000-4-18 is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to damped oscillatory waves. The test method documented in this part of IEC 61000 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
Advanced Test Equipment Rentals provides a variety of equipment for performing oscillatory wave immunity tests and other EMC tests. Check out all of the EMC test equipment we carry for rent or read more about EMC testing.
IEC 61000-4-19: Test for Immunity to Conducted, Differential Mode Disturbances and Signaling
IEC 61000-4-19 tests the frequency range 2 kHz to 150 kHz at AC power ports. This standard defines test waveforms, range of test levels, test equipment, test setup, test procedures, and verification procedures.
IEC 61000-4-19 tests are intended to demonstrate the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment operating at a mains supply voltage up to 280 V (from phase to neutral or phase to earth if no neutral is used) and a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz when subjected to conducted, differential mode disturbances such as those originating from power electronics.
IEC 61000-4-19 mentions the following disturbances, sources, and victims
Disturbances sources:
Inverters (e.g. elevator drives, ski lift drives, PV installations)
Smart meters with PLC data transmission
Switched-mode power supplies (e.g. in compact lamps, computers, TVs)
UPS
Variable speed drives (e.g. heat pumps)
DVD players
Victims - with degraded performance or malfunction
Smart meters with PLC data transmission, solid-state meters;
Touch-dimmer lamps (TDL)
Communication systems (e.g. Ethernet-system, routers)
Contactless card readers, credit card terminals
Alarm systems
Electronic controls (e.g. heating systems, street lighting)
Household appliances (e.g. coffee machines, ceramic hobs, washing machines)
IEC 61000 Test Equipment for Section 4-19
IEC 61000 test equipment for section 4-19 consists of generators, current transformers and CDNs, depending on whether you are performing a voltage or current test. The following diagrams represent the test setups for each type of test.
Voltage Test
Current Test
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IEC 61000-4-2: Electrostatic Discharge Immunity Test
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IEC 61000-4-2 is an international test standard that outlines electromagnetic immunity requirements for electronic equipment when exposed to electrostatic discharge (ESD) generated from a human body or metal objects. The standard assumes that the source is an electrified human body discharge and testing simulates the current waveform generated in those conditions.
Level
Test Voltage (Contact Discharge)
Test Voltage (Air Discharge)
1
2 kV
2 kV
2
4 kV
4 kV
3
6 kV
8 kV
4
8 kV
15 kV
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Discharge Current Waveform
The ESD discharge simulator (ESD Gun) must meet the following specifications:
Energy Accumulation Capacity: 150 pF (typical)
Discharge Resistance: 330 Ω (typical)
Charging Resistance: 50 MΩ - 100 MΩ
Output Voltage: 8 kV for contact discharge, 15 kV for air discharge
Tolerance: ±5%
Polarity: Positive and Negative
Hold Time: >= 5 Sec.
Testing Your ESD Gun
The following characteristics in the table below must be verified to ensure proper test results:
Level
Indicated Voltage
1st peak Current of discharge (±15%)
Rise Time (±25%)
Current at 30ns (±30%)
Current at 60ns (±30%)
1
2 kV
7.5 A
0.8 ns
4A
2A
2
4 kV
15 A
0.8 ns
8A
4A
3
6 kV
22.5 A
0.8 ns
12A
6A
4
8
IEC 61000-4-20 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-20: Testing and measurement techniques...
IEC 61000-4-20 relates to emission and immunity test methods for electrical and electronic equipment using various types of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides. This includes open (for example, striplines and EMP simulators) and closed (for example, TEM cells) structures, which can be further classified as one-, two-, or multi-port TEM waveguides. The frequency range depends on the specific testing requirements and the specific TEM waveguide type.
The object of this standard is to describe:
- TEM waveguide characteristics, including typical frequency ranges and EUT-size limitations;
- TEM waveguide validation methods for EMC measurements;
- The EUT (i.e. EUT cabinet and cabling) definition;
- Test set-ups, procedures, and requirements for radiated emission testing in TEM waveguides and
- Test set-ups, procedures, and requirements for radiated immunity testing in TEM waveguides.
NOTE
Test methods are defined in this standard for measuring the effects of electromagnetic radiation on equipment and the electromagnetic emissions from equipment concerned. The simulation and measurement of electromagnetic radiation is not adequately exact for quantitative determination of effects for all end-use installations. The test methods defined are structured for a primary objective of establishing adequate repeatability of results at various test facilities for qualitative analysis of effects.
This standard does not intend to specify the tests to be applied to any particular apparatus or system(s). The main intention of this standard is to provide a general basic reference for all interested product committees of the IEC. For radiated emissions testing, product committees should select emission limits and test methods in consultation with CISPR. For radiated immunity testing, product committees remain responsible for the appropriate choice of immunity tests and immunity test limits to be applied to equipment within their scope. This standard describes test
IEC 61000-4-21 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-21: Testing and measurement techniques...
This part of IEC 61000 relates to emission and immunity test methods for electrical and electronic equipment using various types of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides. This includes open (for example, striplines and EMP simulators) and closed (for example, TEM cells) structures, which can be further classified as one-, two-, or multi-port TEM waveguides. The frequency range depends on the specific testing requirements and the specific TEM waveguide type.
The object of this standard is to describe:
- TEM waveguide characteristics, including typical frequency ranges and EUT-size limitations;
- TEM waveguide validation methods for EMC measurements;
- The EUT (i.e. EUT cabinet and cabling) definition;
- Test set-ups, procedures, and requirements for radiated emission testing in TEM waveguides and
- Test set-ups, procedures, and requirements for radiated immunity testing in TEM waveguides.
NOTE
Test methods are defined in this standard for measuring the effects of electromagnetic radiation on equipment and the electromagnetic emissions from equipment concerned. The simulation and measurement of electromagnetic radiation is not adequately exact for quantitative determination of effects for all end-use installations. The test methods defined are structured for a primary objective of establishing adequate repeatability of results at various test facilities for qualitative analysis of effects.
This standard does not intend to specify the tests to be applied to any particular apparatus or system(s). The main intention of this standard is to provide a general basic reference for all interested product committees of the IEC. For radiated emissions testing, product committees should select emission limits and test methods in consultation with CISPR. For radiated immunity testing, product committees remain responsible for the appropriate choice of immunity tests and immunity test limits to be applied to equipment within their scope. This standard
IEC 61000-4-27: Unbalance, immunity test
IEC 61000-4-27 considers immunity tests for electric and/or electronic equipment (apparatus and system) in its electromagnetic environment. Only conducted phenomena are considered, including immunity tests for equipment connected to public and industrial networks. Establishes a reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to unbalanced power supply voltage. Applies to 50 Hz/60 Hz three-phase powered electrical and/or electronic equipment with rated line current up to 16 A per phase.
Retrieved 3/12/14 from IEC Webstore
IEC 61000-4-28: Testing and measurement techniques - Variation of power frequency, immunity test
IEC 61000-4-28 establishes a reference for evaluating the immunity of electric and electronic equipment when subjected to variations of the power frequency. Only conducted phenomena are considered, including immunity tests for equipment connected to public and industrial networks.
This standard applies to electric and/or electronic equipment connected to 50 Hz or 60 Hz distributed network with rated line current up to 16 A per phase.
It does not apply to electric and/or electronic equipment connected to AC 400 Hz distribution networks. Tests concerning these networks will be covered by other IEC standards.
In general, electrical and electronic equipment is not susceptible to minor variations of the power frequency. Testing according to this standard should be limited to products that are assessed to be susceptible to power frequency variations by design, environment or failure consequences.
The immunity test levels required for a specific electromagnetic environment together with the performance criteria are indicated in the product, product family or generic standards as applicable.
IEC 61000-4-29 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-29: Testing and measurement...
This subsection of IEC 61000 defines test methods for immunity to voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations at the DC input power port of electrical or electronic equipment. This test is similar to the IEC 61000-4-11 dips/interrupt test but applies to DC-powered products.
IEC 61000-4-29 applies to low voltage DC power ports of equipment supplied by external DC networks.
The object of IEC 61000-4-29 is to establish a common and reproducible basis for testing electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to voltage dips, short interruptions or voltage variations on DC input power ports.
IEC 61000-4-29 defines:
- The range of test levels
- The test generator
- The test set-up
- The test procedure
The test applies to electrical and electronic equipment and systems. It also applies to modules or subsystems whenever the EUT (equipment under test) rated power is greater than the test generator capacity specified in clause 6.
The ripple at the DC input power port is not included in the scope of this part of IEC 61000. It is covered by IEC 61000-4-17.
Common features for all IEC 61000-4 standards
Pre-set test sequences and test levels
Immunity tests can be run continuously or in single-step mode to allow close observation of EUT performance.
Measurements such as voltage and current and recorded at each test step and included in test reports.
User-guided prompts the operator through the entire test procedure.
All test sequences are fully customizable by the user if needed to create a custom version or special purpose test variations as desired.
This standard does not specify the tests to be applied to a particular apparatus or system. Its main aim is to give a general basic reference to IEC product committees. These product committees (or users and manufacturers of equipment) remain responsible for the appropriate choice of the tests and the severity level to be applied to their equipment.
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IEC 61000-4-3: Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
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IEC 61000-4-3 is a commercial EMC standard that outlines test procedures manufacturers must meet before products are sold. The object of IEC 61000-4-3 is to establish a common reference for a product or device's immunity to electromagnetic radiation. Products must be designed and tested to ensure that they are immune to both intentional transmitters, such as walkie talkies and cell phones, and unintentional RF emitting devices like electric motors and welders. There are 4 basic test levels a product must withstand to pass this test:
Test Level
Field Strength
1
1 V/m
2
3 V/m
3
10 V/m
4
30 V/m
IEC 61000-4-3 does not suggest that a single test level is applicable over the entire frequency range, and should be tested for the appropriate test level for each frequency range. Testing for general purpose RF emissions covers the 80MHz to 1000MHz frequency range and should be performed without any gaps. For digital radiotelephones and other higher frequency devices, tests should be performed in the 800MHz to 960MHz and 1.4GHz to 6.0GHz frequency ranges. Tests in these ranges do not need to be applied continuously over the entire range, and the ranges may be limited to specific frequencies for compliance with specific operating bands in the country the product will be sold in.
There are four major changes that were made to this standard in the third version to better measure immunity at higher frequency ranges which are now more commonly present:
First and most importantly, the new harmonic distortion requirement of the test setup must be better than -6dBc. This is to minimize distortion at higher frequency ranges.
Second, a linearity check must be performed before testing to ensure that the RF amplifier used is not operating in compression.
Third, the frequency range was extended up to 6GHz as a result of the increased use of these
IEC 61000-4-30: Testing and Measurement Techniques - Power Quality Measurement Methods.
IEC 61000-4-30 defines measurement methods for 50 Hz and 60 Hz power quality instruments. Power Standards Lab was deeply involved in developing this standard, and continues to guide its on-going revisions and updates.
This standard ensures that different PQ instruments use the same definitions, and measurement techniques, for various power quality parameters: sags/dips, swells, frequency, harmonics, flicker, etc. Older, non-compliant instruments may use their own definitions. As a result, two non-compliant instruments may produce very different readings for the same event.
1) The IEC 61000-4-30 defines the method of measurement and interpretation of results for Power Quality parameters in single and 3 phase 50/60Hz power supply systems around the world.
2) Power Quality parameters in this standard include:
- Power frequency
- Supply voltage
- Unbalance magnitude of supply voltage
- Voltage and current harmonics
- Flicker
- Interharmonics
- Supply voltage
- Dips and swells
- Rapid voltage changes
- Voltage interruptions mains signalling transient voltages (as a guide)
3) A Class A instrument within the specification will measure voltage and current to 0.1% accuracy. It also defines how a Class A instrument will calculate parameters from the measured data.
4) Accuracy will depend on method of measurement and must be made across contiguous 10 cycle periods (at 50Hz) i.e. a 200msec window. Longer term measurements are based on aggregates of each 10 cycle measurement for 3 seconds, 10 minutes and 2 hours.
5) Any instrument conforming to the IEC 61000-4-30 Class A, regardless of manufacturer will read the same when subjected to the same waveforms.
6) Voltage dips and swells and interruption durations must be based on one cycle RMS measurements calculated in half cycle steps.
7) The standard calls for Harmonics Measurements to IEC61000-4-7 (Year 2000 release) which again calls for ‘gapless’ 10 cycle determinations.
8) The
IEC 61000-4-31: Testing and measurement techniques - AC mains ports broadband conducted disturbance
IEC 61000-4-31 relates to the conducted immunity of electrical and electronic equipment to electromagnetic disturbances coming from intended and/or unintended broadband signal sources in the frequency range 150 kHz up to 80 MHz. IEC 61000-4-31 has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107. IEC 61000-4-31 builds off of the common-mode testing procedures outlined in IEC 61000-4-6 and differential mode testing described in IEC 61000-4-19 (lower frequency range).
The object of this standard is to establish a common reference to evaluate the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to conducted disturbances caused by intended and/or unintended broadband signal sources on AC mains ports. The test method documented in this standard describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon.
Equipment not having at least one AC mains port is excluded. The power ports not intended to be connected to AC mains distribution networks are not considered as “AC mains ports” and therefore are excluded.
This standard is applicable only to single-phase equipment having rated input current ≤ 16 A; the application of the broadband disturbance to multiple phase equipment and/or equipment with rated input current > 16 A is under consideration.
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IEC 61000-4-34: Testing and Measurement Techniques - Voltage Dips, Short Interruptions...
IEC 61000-4-34 defines the immunity test methods and range of preferred test levels for electrical and electronic equipment connected to low-voltage power supply networks for voltage dips, short interruptions, and voltage variations.
This standard applies to electrical and electronic equipment having a rated input current exceeding 16 A per phase, for connection to 50 Hz or 60 Hz A.C. networks.
It does not apply to electrical and electronic equipment for connection to 400 Hz A.C. networks. Tests for these networks will be covered by future IEC standards.
The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1994 and its amendment 1 (2000). This second edition constitutes a technical revision in which:
Preferred test values and durations have been added for the different environment classes.
Tests for the three-phase systems have been specified.
It has the status of a Basic EMC Publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
Dips and Interrupts Background
Dips and interrupts can occur on AC power mains as a result of a fault in the distribution system such as an open circuit breaker or a sudden large load being turned on in the immediate vicinity. A power distribution system fault can cause a switch in the distribution grid to open and close a number of times, resulting in multiple interrupts to electrical and electronic equipment.
Electronic products are tested for immunity to dips and interrupts to insure their continued reliable operation if subjected to dips and/or interrupts on the AC power mains. The European Union’s EMC Directive mandates dips and interrupts testing for virtually all electrical and electronic products as a condition for obtaining the CE Mark before shipping products to member states of
IEC 61000-4-4: Electrical Fast Transient (EFT) / EMC Burst Immunity Test Standard
IEC 61000-4-4 establishes a common and reproducible reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to electrical fast transient/bursts on supply, signal, control and earth ports. The EFT test method documented in IEC 61000-4-4 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon. The standard gives specifications for laboratory and post-installation EMC burst test procedures.
IEC 61000-4-4 defines:
- Test voltage waveform
- Range of test levels
- Test equipment
- Verification procedures of test equipment
- Test set-up
- Test procedure
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EFT Test Background
Electrical Fast Transients (EFT) are caused anytime a gaseous discharge (a spark in the air or other gas) occurs, the most common being the opening of a switch through which current is flowing. As the switch is opened, arcing occurs between the contacts; first at a low voltage and high frequency while contacts are close together, and later at a higher voltage and lower frequency as the contacts become separated. Coupling of the EFT into electronic products occurs when power cables handling high currents are run near power, data, and/or I/O cables.
EMC test engineers perform an EFT test ensure their continued reliable operation if subjected to realistic levels of fast transients. The European Union’s EMC Directive mandates EFT testing for virtually all electrical and electronic products as a condition for obtaining the CE Mark before shipping to a member state of the European Union.
EMC Burst Test Standards
Generic Immunity, Product and Product Family Standards require that EFT tests be performed in accordance with Basic EMC Standards: IEC 801-4, IEC 61000-4-4 or EN 61000-4-4. Thermo KeyTek's Application Note, "EMC Standards Overview," provides an overview of European Standards for electromagnetic compatibility,
IEC 61000-4-5: Testing and Measurement techniques - Surge Immunity Test
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IEC 61000-4-5 details the immunity requirements, test methods, and range of recommended test levels for equipment subjected to unidirectional surges caused by overvoltages from switching and lightning transients. Several test levels are defined which relate to various environmental and installation conditions. IEC 61000-4-5 is designed for electrical and electronic equipment. The object of this standard is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to surges. IEC 61000-4-5 describes a consistent method to assess the immunity of an equipment or system against a defined phenomenon.
This standard defines:
- A range of test levels
- Test equipment
- Test setups
- Test procedures
The task of the described laboratory test is to find the reaction of the EUT under specified operational conditions, to surge voltages caused by switching and lightning effects at certain threat levels. It is not intended to test the capability of the EUT's insulation to withstand high-voltage stress. Direct injections of lightning currents, i.e, direct lightning strikes, are not considered in this standard. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
View more information provided by IEC.
Surge Background
Surges occur on the AC power mains as a result of switching operations in the power grid and from nearby lightning strikes, either directly to the power distribution system or to nearby ground. Radiated coupling of surges into I/O lines generally occurs only when the lines are very long.
Electronic products are tested for surge immunity to ensure their continued reliable operation if subjected to realistic levels of surge voltages. The European Union’s EMC Directive currently mandates Surge testing for some products; however, it is expected that virtually all electrical and electronic products will have to be tested for
IEC 61000-4-6: Immunity to Conducted Disturbances, Induced by Radio Frequency Fields
Introduction
IEC 61000-4-6 defines test procedures for the conducted immunity testing of electrical and electronic equipment to electromagnetic disturbances coming from intended RF transmitters in the 9 kHz to 80 MHz frequency range. Equipment that does not have at least one conducting cable that can couple equipment to the disturbing RF field is excluded from IEC 61000-4-6. The object of IEC 61000-4-6 is to establish a common reference for evaluating functional immunity when equipment is subjected to conducted disturbances. The source of the disturbance is an electromagnetic field coming from intended RF transmitters that may affect the cables connected to the equipment under test.
IEC 61000-4-6 is necessary because untested cables can behave as passive receiving antenna networks and affect the performance of the equipment. Susceptible equipment is exposed to currents flowing through the equipment. Cable systems connected to the equipment are assumed to be in resonant mode, and as such are represented by coupling and decoupling devices having a common mode impedance of 150 Ω concerning the ground reference plane. When possible, the equipment is tested by connecting it between two 150 Ω common-mode impedance connections; one providing an RF source and the other providing a return path for the current. The test method in this standard subjects the EUT to a source of disturbance comprising electric and magnetic fields, which simulate those fields coming from intentional RF transmitters.
Test Levels
No tests are required for induced disturbances caused by electromagnetic fields coming from intentional RF transmitters in the 9 kHz – 150 kHz range.
Open Circuit Test Levels
Frequency Range 150 kHz – 80 MHz
Level
U₀ dB (µV)
U₀ (V)
1
120
1
2
130
3
3
140
10
Xᵃ
Special
Special
*X is an open level
*For testing
IEC 61000-4-7: General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation
IEC 61000-4-7 is applicable to instrumentation intended for measuring spectral components in the frequency range up to 9 kHz which are superimposed on the fundamental of the power supply systems at 50 Hz and 60 Hz. For practical considerations, IEC 61000-4-7 distinguishes between harmonics, interharmonics and other components above the harmonic frequency range, up to 9 kHz.
IEC 61000-4-7 defines the measurement instrumentation intended for testing individual items of equipment in accordance with emission limits given in certain standards (for example, harmonic current limits as given in IEC 61000-3-2) as well as for the measurement of harmonic currents and voltages in actual supply systems. Instrumentation for measurements above the harmonic frequency range, up to 9 kHz is tentatively defined.
IEC 61000-4-8 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-8: Testing and Measurement Techniques...
IEC 61000-4-8 details the test and measurement techniques required for immunity to conducted disturbance tests performed as part of EMC testing. Electronic products are often subjected to magnetic fields at AC mains frequencies. These fields are frequently produced in the vicinity of power transformers and can cause problems with video displays, Hall effect sensors, and other electronic products having a sensitivity to magnetic fields.
Electronic Products are tested for immunity to power-frequency magneti fields to ensure their continued reliable operation when placed in service. The European Union's EMC Directive currently mandates power frequency magnetic field testing for certain categories of equipment as a condition for obtaining the CE Mark before shipping products to member states of the European Union.
Applicable Standards
Generic Immunity, Product and Product Family Standards require that Power Frequency Magnetic Field tests be performed in accordance with Basic EMC Standards: IEC 61000-4-8 and EN 61000-4-8. Thermo KeyTek's Application Note, "EMC Standards Overview," provides an overview of European Standards for electromagnetic compatibility, describes how the standards relate to one another and list sources for procuring copyrighted documents.
Basic EMC Standard
IEC 61000-4-8, or the Basic EMC Standard for Power Frequency Magnetic Field, defines methods of generating consistently reproducible magnetic fields for test purposes. Although higher magnetic field levels are described, compliance with the Generic Immunity Standard for residential and commercial products is 1A/m or 3A/m. Currently applicable only to apparatus containing devices susceptible to magnetic fields, testing of other products may be required to make that determination. While the Basic EMC Standard specifies how to perform Power Frequency Magnetic Field testing, the Generic, Product and Product Family Standards specify the test levels and
IEC 61000-4-9 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-9: Testing and Measurement Techniques...
Pulsed Magnetic Field Background
According to IEC 61000-4-9, pulse magnetic fields are generated by lightning strikes on buildings and metal structures including aerial masts, earth conductors and earth networks and by initial fault transients in low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage systems. This test is mainly applicable to products to be installed in electrical power plants (e.g. telecontrol centers close to switchgear). It is not relevant for distribution network equipment. The test is performed by applying 6.4/16 µs magnetic field pulses of defined strength to the equipment to be tested.
Electronic products in accordance with IEC 61000-4-9 are tested for immunity pulsed magnetic fields to ensure their continued reliable operation when placed in service in a very harsh environment. Although most electrical and electronic products will not have to be tested for pulse magnetic field immunity, the European Union’s EMC Directive may mandate this testing as a condition for obtaining the CE mark under special circumstances and for specific products before shipping to a member state of the European Union.
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Applicable Standards
Although not currently required by generic immunity, product-specific, or product family standards, future standards may require pulse magnetic field tests be performed in accordance with Basic EMC Standards: IEC 61000-4-9 and EN 61000-4-9. Thermo KeyTek's application note, "EMC Standards Overview," provides an overview of European Standards for electromagnetic compatibility, describes
IEC 61000-6-2: Immunity Testing of Industrial Equipment
IEC 61000-6-2 is an international EMC test standard for the radiated and conducted immunity of electrical and electronic devices designed for industrial environments. IEC 61000-6-2 immunity requirements pertain to instruments that operate in the 0 Hz to 400 GHz range. Immunity tests covered by IEC 61000-6-2 include transient, continuous, conducted and radiated disturbances as well as electrostatic discharge (ESD) testing. Testing only needs to be performed on industrial equipment at the bandwidths in which requirements exist. IEC 61000-6-2 applies to all the following equipment categories:
Devices for which there are no dedicated product/product-family EMC immunity standards.
Devices intended to operate in industrial environments.
Devices dedicated to operation in a plant involved in installation feeding manufacturing or similar processes.
Devices that are battery operated and developed for industrial use.
Industrial locations, discussed often in the standard, are defined by the following qualities:
Meet CISPR 11 definition of an ISM apparatus—industrial, scientific or medical.
Frequent switching of inductive or capacitive loads.
High magnetic fields and currents.
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IEC 61000-6-4: Emission standard for industrial environments
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IEC 61000-6-4: Emission standard for industrial environments applies to electrical and electronic apparatus intended for use in industrial environments as described below. Emission requirements in the frequency range 0 Hz to 400 GHz are covered. No measurement needs to be performed at frequencies where no requirement is specified. This generic EMC emission standard is applicable if no relevant dedicated product or product-family EMC emission standard exists.
IEC 61000-6-4 applies to a apparatus intended to be connected to a power network supplied from a high or medium voltage transformer dedicated to the supply of an installation feeding manufacturing or similar plant, and intended to operate in or in proximity to industrial locations, as described below. This standard applies also to apparatus, which is battery operated and intended to be used in industrial locations.
The environments encompassed by this standard are industrial, both indoor and outdoor. Industrial locations are in addition characterized by the existence of one or more of the following examples: industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) apparatus; heavy inductive or capacitive loads that are frequently switched; high currents and associated magnetic fields.
The object of this standard is to define the emission test requirements for apparatus defined in the scope in relation to continuous and transient, conducted and radiated disturbances. The emission requirements have been selected so as to ensure that disturbances generated by apparatus operating normally in industrial locations do not exceed a level that could prevent other apparatus from operating as intended. Fault conditions of apparatus are not taken into account. Not all disturbance phenomena have been included for testing purposes in this standard but only those considered as relevant for the equipment covered by this standard. These requirements represent essential electromagnetic compatibility emission
IEC 61000-6-5: Immunity for Power Station and Substation Environments
IEC 61000-6-5 sets immunity requirements for apparatus intended for use by Electricity Utilities in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and related telecommunication systems. The locations covered are the power stations and the substations where apparatus of Electricity Utilities are installed. Being part of Part 6 of the IEC 61000 series of standards, this covers generic immunity standards.
IEC 61000-6-5 Immunity requirements are given for the frequency range 0 Hz to 400 GHz, but only in respect of electromagnetic phenomena for which detailed test procedures, test instrumentation and test set-up are given in existing IEC basic standards. The immunity requirements are suitable for satisfying the particular needs related to the functions and tasks of equipment and systems, for which reliable operation is required under actual electromagnetic conditions; in this respect, this technical specification establishes performance criteria for the different functional requirements.
IEC 61000-6-5 has the task to specifiy a set of essential requirements, test procedures, and generalized performance criteria applicable to such products of systems operating in this electromagnetic environment.
IEC 61010-1: Safety of Measuring, Control and Laboratory Equipment
This part of IEC 61010 specifies general safety requirements for the following types of electrical equipment and their accessories, wherever they are intended to be used.
a) Electrical test and measurement equipment
This is equipment which by electromagnetic means tests, measures, indicates or records one or more electrical or physical quantities, also non-measuring equipment such as signal generators, measurement standards, power supplies for laboratory use, transducers, transmitters, etc.
(NOTE 1) This includes bench-top power supplies intended to aid a testing or measuring operation on another piece of equipment. Power supplies intended to power equipment are within the scope of IEC 61558 (see 1.1.2 h)).
This standard also applies to test equipment integrated into manufacturing processes and intended for testing manufactured devices.
(NOTE 2) Manufacturing test equipment is likely to be installed adjacent to and interconnected with industrial machinery in this application.
b) Electrical industrial process-control equipment
This is equipment which controls one or more output quantities to specific values, with each value determined by manual setting, by local or remote programming, or by one or more input variables.
c) Electrical laboratory equipment
This is equipment which measures, indicates, monitors, inspects or analyses materials, or is used to prepare materials, and includes in vitro diagnostic (IVD) equipment.
This equipment may also be used in areas other than laboratories; examples include self- test IVD equipment to be used in the home and inspection equipment to be used to check people or material during transportation.
Retrieved from IEC Webstore on 4-10-2014
IEC 61326: EMC Testing of Laboratory Equipment
IEC 61326 (EN 61326) is an international EMC standard developed to regulate the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of electrical devices, specifically laboratory equipment. IEC 61326 applies to equipment developed for test and measurement and used in control or laboratory applications. The standard lists requirements for EMC testing, which include radiated susceptibility, conducted susceptibility, radiated emissions and conducted emissions tests. EN 61326 is an equivalent standard that applies to the European Union. IEC 61326 is divided into several parts:
IEC 61326-1 | General testing requirements
IEC 61326-2-1 | Requirements specific to sensitive test equipment in EMC unprotected testing
IEC 61326-2-2 | Requirements for monitoring equipment utilized in low-voltage distribution systems
IEC 61326-2-3 | Requirements for transducers with remote or integrated signal conditioning
IEC 61326-2-4 | Requirements for insulation monitoring devices per IEC 61557-8 and insulation fault location per IEC 61557-9
IEC 61326-2-5 | Requirements for field devices with IEC 61784-1, CP 3/2 compliant field devices
IEC 61326-3-1 | Immunity requirements for functional safety; limited to equipment designed for safety functions in industrial applications as specified by IEC 61508 with SIL 1-3
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IEC 61340-3-1: Methods for Replication of Electrostatic Effects - Human Body Model (HBM)...
The IEC 61340-3-1 describes the discharge current waveforms used to simulate human body model (HBM) electrostatic discharges (ESD) and the basic requirements for equipment used to develop and verify these waveforms. The IEC 61340-3-1 standard covers HBM ESD waveforms for use in general test methods and for application to materials or objects, electronic components and other items for ESD withstand-test or performance-evaluation purposes. The specific application of these HBM ESD waveforms to non-powered semiconductor devices is covered in IEC 60749-26. The waveforms defined in IEC 61340-3-1 are not intended for use in the testing of powered electronic systems for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), which is covered in IEC 61000-4-2.
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IEC 61340-3-2: Methods for Replication of Electrostatic Effects – Machine Model (MM)...
This part of IEC 61340 describes the discharge current waveforms used to simulate machine model (MM) electrostatic discharges (ESD) and the basic requirements for equipment used to develop and verify these waveforms. This standard covers MM ESD waveforms for use in general test methods and for application to materials or objects, electronic components and other items for ESD withstand test or performance evaluation purposes. The specific application of these MM ESD waveforms to non-powered semiconductor devices is covered in IEC 60749-27.
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IEC 61672-1: Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 1: Specifications
This part of IEC 61672 gives electroacoustical performance specifications for three kinds of sound measuring instruments:
• a time-weighting sound level meters that measure exponential-time-weighted, frequency-weighted sound levels;
• an integrating-averaging sound level meters that measure time-averaged, frequency-weighted sound levels; and
• an integrating sound level meters that measure frequency-weighted sound exposure levels.
Sound level meters conforming to the requirements of this standard have a specified frequency response for sound incident on the microphone from one principal direction in an acoustic free field or successively from random directions.
Sound level meters specified in this standard are intended to measure sounds generally in the range of human hearing.
NOTE: The AU frequency weighting specified in IEC 61012 can be applied for measurements of A-weighted sound levels of audible sound in the presence of a source that contains spectral components at frequencies greater than 20 kHz.
Two performance categories, class 1 and class 2, are specified in this standard. In general, specifications for class 1 and class 2 sound level meters have the same design goals and differ mainly in the acceptance limits and the range of operational temperature. Acceptance limits for class 2 are greater than, or equal to, those for class 1.
This standard is applicable to a range of designs for sound level meters. A sound level meter may be a self-contained hand-held instrument with an attached microphone and a built-in display device. A sound level meter may be comprised of separate components in one or more enclosures and may be capable of displaying a variety of acoustical signal levels. Sound level meters may include extensive analogue or digital signal processing, separately or in combination, with multiple analogue and digital outputs. Sound level meters may include general-purpose computers, recorders, printers, and other
IEC 61672-2: Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 2: Pattern evaluation tests
IEC 61672-2 provides details of the tests necessary to verify conformance to all mandatory specifications given in IEC 61672-1 for time-weighting sound level meters, integrating-averaging sound level meters, and integrating sound level meters. Pattern-evaluation tests apply for each channel of a multi-channel sound level meter, as necessary. Tests and test methods are applicable to class 1 and class 2 sound level meters.
IEC 61672-3: Electroacoustics – Sound level meters – Part 3: Periodic tests
This second edition of IEC 61672-3 describes procedures for periodic testing of time-weighting, integrating-averaging, and integrating sound level meters that were designed to conform to the class 1 or class 2 specifications of the second edition of IEC 61672-1. The aim of the standard is to ensure that periodic testing is performed in a consistent manner by all laboratories.
The purpose of periodic testing is to assure the user that the performance of a sound level meter conforms to the applicable specifications of IEC 61672-1 for a limited set of key tests and for the environmental conditions under which the tests were performed.
The extent of the tests in this part of IEC 61672 is deliberately restricted to the minimum considered necessary for periodic tests.
Periodic tests described in this edition of IEC 61672-3 apply to sound level meters for which the manufacturer claims conformance to the specifications of the second edition of IEC 61672-1. Periodic tests described in this part of IEC 61672 apply to sound level meters for which the model has been, or has not been, pattern approved by an independent testing organization responsible for pattern approvals in accordance with the test procedures of the second edition of IEC 61672-2.
Because of the limited extent of the periodic tests, if evidence of pattern approval is not publicly available, no general conclusion about conformance to the specifications of IEC 61672-1 can be made, even if the results of the periodic tests conform to all applicable requirements of this edition of IEC 61672-3.
Retrieved from IEC Webstore 12/23/2013
IEC 61850: Communication Networks and Systems in Substations
The IEC 61850 standard defines the communication between intelligent electronic devices in the substation and the related system requirements. The abstract data models laid out in IEC 61850 can be mapped to a number of protocols which include MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification), GOOSE, SMV (Sampled Measured Values), and soon to Web Services. The protocols can ran over TCP/IP networks or substation LANs using high speed switched Ethernet to obtain the necessary response times below four milliseconds for protective relaying.
To date, the IEC 61850 standard is divided into 10 parts which are the following:
1) IEC 61850-1 - Part 1: Introduction and overview - Gives an introduction and overview of the IEC 61850 standard series; refers to and includes text and figures from other parts of the IEC 61850 series.
2) IEC 61850-2 - Part 2: Glossary - Contains the glossary of specific terms and definitions used in the context of Substation Automation Systems which are standardized in the various parts of the IEC 61850 series.
3) IEC 61850-3 - Part 3: General requirements - Applies to substation automation systems and more specifically defines the communication between intelligent electronic devices in the substation and the related system requirements.
4) IEC 61850-4 - Part 4: System and project management - Describes the requirements of the system and project management process and of special supporting tools for engineering and testing.
5) IEC 61850-5 - Part 5: Communication requirements for functions and device models - Applies to substation automation systems and standardizes the communication between intelligent electronic devices and the related system requirements. Refers to the communication requirements of the functions being performed in the substation automation system and to device models.
6) IEC 61850-6 - Communication networks and systems for power utility automation - Part 6: Configuration description language for communication in
IEC 62037: Passive RF and Microwave Devices, Intermodulation Level Measurement
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IEC 62037 applies to the general requirements and measuring methods for intermodulation (IM) level measurement of passive RF and microwave components which can be caused by the presence of two or more transmitting signals. The standard specifies the use of two +43 dBm (20W) tones for the test signals for PIM testing. This power level has been used by RF equipment manufacturers for more than a decade to establish PASS / FAIL specifications for RF components.
This standard is part of the IEC 62037 series which addresses the measurement of PIM, but does not cover the long term reliability of a product with reference to its performance. There are six (6) sections to this standard to date. The sections are:
1) IEC 62037-1 - Part 1: General requirements and measuring methods
2) IEC 62037-2 - Part 2: Measurement of passive intermodulation in coaxial cable assemblies
3) IEC 62037-3 - Part 3: Measurement of passive intermodulation in coaxial connectors
4) IEC 62037-4 - Part 4: Measurement of passive intermodulation in coaxial cables
5) IEC 62037-5 - Part 5: Measurement of passive intermodulation in filters
6) IEC 62037-6 - Part 6: Measurement of passive intermodulation in antennas
Sources:
Intermodulation (Wikipedia)
IEC 62037-1:2012 (IEC)
Last Updated 8/10/17
IEC 61000-4-39:2017: Electromagnetic Compatibility Immunity Requirements
IEC 61000-4-39:2017 specifies immunity requirements for electrical and electronic equipment when it is exposed to radiated electromagnetic energy from RF transmitters used in close proximity. It establishes test levels and the required test procedures. The applicable frequency range is 9 kHz to 6 GHz. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.
Get standard: IEC 61000-4-39:2017 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-39: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated fields in close proximity - Immunity test